Clinical Presentation (VUR)
Possible clinical presentations of reflux.
Today, some cases of reflux are diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound and following
postnatal additional work-up examinations prior to the clinical manifestation of reflux.
Otherwise, recurrent uncomplicated or simple and complicated upper urinary tract
infections are the most frequently observed clinical presentation.
Less often, a vesicoureteral reflux may be hidden by a primary or secondary enuresis.
In general, already the first complicated upper urinary tract infection needs work-up examinations including the exclusion of reflux in both sexes. In case of simple urinary tract infection, work-ups should be performed earlier in boys than in girls. The chance to diagnose a urological anomaly is higher in boys, and the disposition to urinary tract infections without obvious malformation is higher in girls.
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